Robot-assisted surgery in gynecology

The development of robotic technology has facilitated the application of minimally invasive techniques for complex gynecologic surgery. Robot-assisted gynecologic surgery has grown exponentially since receiving Food and Drug Administration approval for use in gynecologic surgery in 2005. Robotic surgery has several major advantages, including three-dimensional visual magnification, articulation beyond normal manipulation, and the filtering of the operator's hand tremors. Therefore, robotic surgery is suitable for microsurgery, and it could be an alternative option for laparotomy. Robotic surgery has advantages, especially for suture-intensive operations such as myomectomy. Patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy had significantly decreased estimated blood loss, complication rates, and length of hospital stay. The advantages of robotic surgery help to overcome the limitations of laparoscopy, especially for complicated procedures in deep infiltrating endometriosis. Although extensive radical operations for deep infiltrating endometriosis of the bowel and urinary tract, such as segmental resections of the bladder, ureters, and bowel, were performed by laparotomy in the past, they are now performed more easily and more effectively using robotic techniques. In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, robotic and laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy resulted in similar clinical outcomes, but robotic surgery was associated with a longer operation time and higher costs. Robotic and conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy show equivalent surgical and clinical outcomes. Compared to laparotomy, robotic gynecologic cancer surgery results in improved clinical outcomes and comparable oncologic outcomes. If robotic surgery is tailored in terms of patient selection, surgeon ability, and equipment availability, it could be a feasible option for highly advanced minimally invasive surgery.

Tailoring radicality in early cervical cancer: how far can we go? / 부인종양

Today, the patient who is diagnosed with early cervical cancer is offered a variety of treatments apart from standard therapy. Patients can be treated with a less radical hysterectomy (RH) regarding parametrectomy, a trachelectomy either vaginal or abdominal, and this can be performed through a minimal invasive or open procedure. All this in combination with nerve sparing and/or sentinel node technique. Level 1 evidence for the oncological safety of all these modifications is only available from 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two RCTs on more or less radical parametrectomy both showed that oncological safety was not compromised by doing less radical surgery. Because of the heterogeneity of the patient population and the high frequency of adjuvant radiotherapy, the true impact of surgical radicality cannot be assessed. Regarding the issue of oncological safety of fertility sparing treatments, case-control and retrospective case series suggest that trachelectomy is safe as long as the tumor diameter does not exceed 2 cm. Recently, both a RCT and 2 case-control studies showed a survival benefit for open surgery compared to minimally invasive surgery, whereas many previous case-control and retrospective case series on this subject did not show impaired oncological safety. In a case-control study the survival benefit for open surgery was restricted to the group of patients with a tumor diameter more than 2 cm. Although modifications of the traditional open RH seem safe for tumors with a diameter less than 2 cm, ongoing prospective RCTs and observational studies should give the final answer.

Research progress on the different treatment options for stage ⅡB cervical cancer / 中国医师杂志

Cervical cancer is an important global public health problem,and its incidence tends to be younger in China.Compared with stage ⅡB cervical cancer,concurrent chemoradiotherapy has obvious advantages in reducing local recurrence rate,improving progression free survival rate,overall survival rate,and improving prognosis.Concurrent chemoradiotherapy and surgical treatment can effectively reduce local lesions and increase the opportunity for surgical resection.Synchronous radiotherapy and chemotherapy do not increase the difficulty of operation and postoperative complications.At the same time,all kinds of short-term and long-term complications caused by radical radiotherapy are avoided.The new adjuvant chemotherapy will strive for radical surgery,using radical surgery to eliminate the focus of radiotherapy and chemotherapy,improve the patient's survival time and improve the patient's quality of life.Preoperative radiotherapy can also maintain the physiological function of the vagina and avoid various complications caused by the amount of radical radiotherapy.

Reproductive counseling and pregnancy outcomes after radical trachelectomy for early stage cervical cancer / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patient perceptions of preoperative reproductive counseling and to evaluate complications and pregnancy outcomes in women who had radical trachelectomy (RT) for early stage cervical cancer. METHODS: Patients who underwent RT from January 1, 2004, through July 31, 2017, and had been cancer free for more than 1 year after RT were eligible; consented patients were sent a 16-item online survey. RESULTS: Of the 58 eligible patients, 39 patients (67%) completed the questionnaire. Eighteen patients (46%) reported receiving reproductive counseling and 26 (68%) reported receiving counseling about pregnancy risks and complications prior to RT, mainly delivered by gynecologic oncologists. Twenty-nine patients (74%) reported having a complication after RT, and cervical stenosis was the most common complication, occurring in 13 patients (33%). Twenty-four patients actively attempted to conceive after RT, and 20 pregnancies were achieved in 13 patients for a pregnancy rate of 54%. Eight pregnancies were spontaneous and 12 required a fertility treatment. There were 5 spontaneous first-trimester miscarriages; 14 of the 20 pregnancies (70%) resulted in live births. The median time to conception was 13.5 months (range, 1–120). CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of women with early stage cervical cancer do not receive adequate reproductive counseling before RT, and many women undergoing RT experience complications that can negatively impact their fertility. We recommend a preoperative consultation with a reproductive endocrinologist for all patients considering RT.

A Case of Successful Spontaneous Pregnancy after Laparoscopic Radical Trachelectomy with Trans-Abdominal Cervicoisthmic Cerclage Treatment

Women in the reproductive age group diagnosed with cervical cancer can receive radical trachelectomy for fertility preservation. Extremely short cervix following radical trachelectomy could result in cervical incompetence. Although prophylactic cervicoisthmic cerclage is placed at the time of radical trachelectomy, it might not be sufficient to prolong pregnancy. We present a successful term pregnancy after laparoscopic radical trachelectomy and concurrent cervicoisthmic cerclage for early stage cervical cancer.

Abdominal radical trachelectomy preserving fertility for ⅠB1 cervical cancer patients whose tumor≥2cm:the evidence and controversy of "Fudan Criteria" / 中国实用妇科与产科杂志

Abdominal radical trachelectomy was usually utilized in ⅠB1 cervical cancer patients whose tumor ≥2 cm since the procedure removed more parametrial tissue than the vaginal approach.We raised selection criteria for ART in such patients in 2011. In this article,we will further discuss issues regarding fertility-sparing surgery in ⅠB1 cervical cancer with tumor ≥2 cm.

Terapéutica del cáncer de cuello uterino, una revisión de la literatura / Cervical cancer therapeutics: a literature review / Terapêutica do câncer de colo do útero, uma revisão de literatura

Introducción. El cáncer de cuello uterino es la segunda causa de muerte más frecuente mundialmente; por ello, existen terapias tanto invasivas como poco invasivas que buscan impactar la supervivencia de la enfermedad. Entre los diferentes métodos de tratamiento se encuentran la radioterapia externa, la braquiterapia, la quimioterapia, la conización, la traquelectomía y la histerectomía radical. Objetivo. Revisar las características de cada uno de los métodos de tratamiento disponibles para el manejo del cáncer de cuello uterino. Metodología. Se realizó una búsqueda, en las bases de datos PUBMED y LILACS, de artículos publicados entre los años 2013 y 2016 que tuvieran como tema central el cáncer de cuello uterino y su tratamiento; luego de aplicar criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron 41 artículos para la revisión. Resultados. Para el manejo del cáncer de cérvix se plantean, como métodos poco invasivos: la conización, con supervivencia a cinco años de 95.1% en cáncer microinvasor; la radioterapia de haz externo, con supervivencia total de 92.2% a cinco años; la quimioterapia, con supervivencia similar a la radioterapia, pero con disminución de la necesidad de cirugía; y la braquiterapia combinada con quimioterapia, que logró respuesta en 64% de pacientes con cáncer estadio IA, IIA y IB. En relación con métodos más invasivos, se encuentran la traquelectomía en cáncer temprano sin compromiso local o a distancia, alcanza supervivencia del 95%, con tasas de embarazo de 50% posteriores al tratamiento y la histerectomía radical, con supervivencia total de 100% a cinco años en cáncer estadio IA2 y IB1, requiriendo algunas veces combinación con otros métodos. Para las técnicas quirúrgicas se han desarrollado nuevos abordajes y variantes. Conclusiones. Los tratamientos en cáncer de cérvix han mostrado resultados alentadores en cuanto a supervivencia, además, la conización y traquelectomía permiten preservar la fertilidad. La quimioterapia, la radioterapia de haz externo y la braquiterapia logran buen control del cáncer de cérvix en estadios tempranos y se pueden usar como coadyuvantes de los métodos quirúrgicos. Sin embargo, la histerectomía radical es el estándar esencial para manejo del cáncer de cérvix, con buenos resultados en supervivencia; sus variantes, además, han logrado disminuir las complicaciones. [Suárez-Cadena FC. Terapéutica del cáncer de cuello uterino, una revisión de la literatura. MedUNAB. 2018;21(1):100-114.doi: 10.29375/01237047.2583].

Introduction. Worldwide, cervical cancer is the second most frequent cause of death, and because of its existence, there are several kinds of therapies that range between invasive to non-invasive ones. The purpose of these procedures is to impact disease survival within the human body. Thus, among those treatment methods used for cervical cancer treatment, we can find the following: external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy, chemotherapy, cervical conization, trachelectomy, and radical hysterectomy. Objective. To review the characteristics of each one of the available methods for treating cervical cancer. Methodology. Published articles between 2013 and 2016 were collected using the databases PUBMED and LILACS. These articles had as a central topic cervical cancer and its treatment. After applying certain inclusion and exclusion criteria within the research, 41 articles were selected to be reviewed. Results. As non-invasive treatment methods for cervical cancer, the following are proposed: cervical conization method, which has a 5-year survival rate of 95.1% when treating micro-invasive cancer; external beam radiotherapy method, which has an overall 5-year survival rate of 92.2%; chemotherapy method, whose survival rate is similar to external beam radiotherapy method's one, but with a slight diminishing of surgery risk; and finally brachytherapy method, which combined with chemotherapy method achieves 64% of response among patients in cancer stages IA, IIA and IB. On the other hand, more invasive treatment methods are presented as follows: trachelectomy method when treating early cancer stages (with no local involvement or distant spreading) reaches a survival rate of 95% and a post-treatment pregnancy rate of 50%, and radical hysterectomy method has a 5-year survival rate of 100% among patients in cancer stage IA2 and IB1, in spite in some occasions this method requires to be combined with other treatment techniques. New therapeutic approaches and variations have been developed for surgical techniques. Conclusions.Cervical Cancer treatments have shown promising results regarding survival rate and in some procedures, such as conization and trachelectomy, preservation of fertility rate. Methods such as chemotherapy, external beam radiotherapy, and brachytherapy have a great control of cervical cancer in early stages, and they can also be used as adjuvant therapies for surgical interventions. Nonetheless, radical hysterectomy is the standard and essential medical procedure for managing cervical cancer. This method has shown good results regarding survival rates and its variants have helped to diminish associated complications. [Suárez-Cadena FC.Cervical cancer therapeutics: a literature review. MedUNAB. 2018;21(1):100-114.doi: 10.29375/01237047.2583]

Introdução. O câncer de colo do útero é a segunda causa de morte mais frequente no mundo e por isso, existem terapias invasivas e minimamente invasivas que buscam impactar na sobrevivência da doença. As principais opções de tratamento para o câncer de colo do útero são: a radioterapia externa, a braquiterapia, a quimioterapia, a conização, a traquelectomia e a histerectomia radical. Objetivo. Revisar as características de cada um dos métodos disponíveis para o tratamento do câncer de colo do útero. Métodos. Pesquisa feita nas bases de dados PUBMED e LILACS, de artigos publicados entre 2013 e 2016 com o assunto principal: tratamento do câncer de colo do útero e tratamiento. Foram selecionados 41 artigos para revisão, após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Resultados. Para o tratamento do câncer de colo de útero, os seguintes métodos são considerados minimamente invasivos: a conização, com sobrevida em cinco anos equivalente a 95,1% no câncer microinvasor; a radioterapia externa, com sobrevida total de 92,2% em cinco años; a quimioterapia, com sobrevida semelhante à radioterapia, mas com diminuição da necessidade de cirurgia; e a braquiterapia combinada com quimioterapia, que obteve resposta em 64% dos pacientes com estádio IA, IIA e IB. Em relação aos métodos mais invasivos, a traquelectomia no câncer precoce sem comprometimento 102local, ou à distância, atinge 95% de sobrevida, com 50% de taxas de gestação após o tratamento e histerectomia radical, com sobrevida total de 100% a cinco anos no estádio IA2 e IB1, requerendo às vezes combinação com outros métodos. Para técnicas cirúrgicas, novas abordagens e variantes foram desenvolvidas. Conclusões. Os tratamentos de câncer de colo do útero mostraram resultados encorajadores em termos de sobrevida, além disso, a conização e traquelectomia permitem preservar a fertilidade. A quimioterapia, a radioterapia externa e a braquiterapia conseguem um bom controle do câncer de colo do útero em estádios iniciais e podem ser usadas como coadjuvantes dos métodos cirúrgicos. Entretanto, a histerectomia radical é o padrão essencial para o tratamento de câncer de colo do útero, com bons resultados na sobrevida; suas variantes, além disso, conseguiram reduzir as complicações. [Suárez-Cadena FC.Terapêutica do câncer de colo do útero, uma revisão de literatura. MedUNAB. 2018;21(1):100-114.doi: 10.29375/01237047.2583].

The Clinical Observation of Pelvic lymphadenoetomy and Vaginal Radical Trachelectomy Procedure in both the Effect and Reproductive Outcome for 16 Cases of Early-stage Cervical Cancer / 实用妇产科杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical effectiveness and reproductive outcome of fertility-preserving surgery(pelvic lymphadenoetomy +Vaginal radical trachelectomy(VRT)in women with early stage cervical cancer.Methods:A perspective observation of 16 patients who had undergone pelvic lymphadenoetomy + VRT with early stage cervical cancer(study group) since Jan 2011 to Dec 2015 was carried out.30 patients who undergone laparoscopic radical hysterectomy(LRH) + pelvic lymphadenoetomy with early stage cervical cancer were set as the control group.The clinical efficiency were compared between the two groups,and the cumulative pregnancy rate and pregnancy outcome were followed up in study group.Results:There was no statistic difference in age,clinical staging,pathologicalgrade,LVSI,SCC expression,operating-time,pastoper ationfever,operative complications,tumor recurrence between the two groups(P＞0.05).Compare to control group,the index of amount of bleeding was fewer and the average hospital stay was shorter in study group(P ＜ 0.05),12 patients got pregnant and cumulative pregnancy 15 times within one year after operation,there were 4 mature delivery(33.3％) and 11 fetal loss(73.3％).Conclusions:For the young patients with early stage cervical cancer,pelvic lymphadenoetomy + VRT is the treatment procedure with the same clinical effectiveness with radical hysterectomy + pelvic lymphadenoetomy and has the advantage of fertility preserving,but the pregnancy and reproductive outcome need to be improved.

Traquelectomía radical laparoscópica en pacientes con cáncer de cuello uterino en estado IB1 en el Instituto de Cancerología - Las Américas, Medellín, Colombia

Objetivo: Revisar nuestra experiencia en traquelectomía radical laparoscópica en cáncer de cérvix en estado temprano. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de las pacientes que se sometieron a traquelectomía radical laparoscópica en el Instituto de Cancerología - Las Américas, Medellín, Colombia, entre Mayo de 2009 y Enero 2015. Resultados: Se completó satisfactoriamente el procedimiento en 13 pacientes en estadío IB1, 12 (92%) tuvieron tumores menores a 2 cm y una recibió quimioterapia neoadyuvante por un tumor de 3 cm. El tipo histológico más frecuente fue el escamoso en 7 pacientes (54%). En 5 pacientes (38%) no se evidenció enfermedad residual luego del procedimiento. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 240 min (130-340 min); la mediana de pérdida sanguínea fueron 100 ml (50-200 ml). Dos pacientes tuvieron cistotomía incidental durante la cirugía, reparadas por vía laparoscópica, una de ellas desarrollo una fístula vésico-vaginal que cerró espontáneamente. Ninguna paciente requirió transfusión sanguínea ni conversión a laparotomía. La estancia hospitalaria promedio fue de 1 día (1-3). Dos pacientes requirieron histerectomía laparoscópica. No se han reportado recurrencias ni embarazos con un seguimiento promedio 27,9 meses (8,3-64,4). Conclusión: La traquelectomía radical laparoscópica es factible y se puede realizar de manera segura en un país en desarrollo, en pacientes bien seleccionados, con cáncer de cérvix temprano que desean preservar su fertilidad. Los tiempos de seguimiento aún son cortos para conclusiones definitivas sobre el resultado obstétrico. La seguridad oncológica parece similar a la de la traquelectomía abdominal y/o vaginal.

Objective: To review our experience with laparoscopic radical trachelectomy in patients with early-stage cervical cancer. Methods: We performed a observational descriptive retrospective review of all patients who underwent a laparoscopic radical trachelectomy at the Instituto de Cancerología - Las Americas, Medellin, Colombia, between May 2009 and January 2015. Results: 13 patients completed surgery, 12 patients (92%) were diagnosed as IB1 with tumor size less than 2 cm, and one patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy due to a 3 cm cervical tumor; histology was squamous cell carcinoma in 7 patients (54%). Five patients (38%) showed no residual disease. The mean surgical time was 240 min (130-340 min); the estimated blood loss was 100 ml (50-200 ml). Two patients had a cystotomy during surgery; one of them developed a vesicovaginal fistula that healed spontaneously. No transfusions were given. No conversions were made. Mean hospital stay 1 day (1-3 day). 2 patients required laparoscopic hysterectomy. To date, no recurrence or pregnancies has been recorded with the median follow up 27.9 months (8.3-64.4 month). Conclusion: Laparoscopic radical trachelectomy is feasible and can be performed safely in a developing country in well-selected patients with early cervical cancer who wish to preserve their fertility. Follow up times are still too short to drive definitive conclusions on obstetric results. The oncological safety appears similar to that of the abdominal trachelectomy and/or vaginal.

Surgical and obstetrical outcomes after laparoscopic radical trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for early cervical cancer

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical and obstetrical outcomes of patients with early cervical cancer who underwent laparoscopic radical trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. METHODS: We analyzed data from women who underwent laparoscopic radical trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy between July 2000 and October 2014. RESULTS: Of a total of 12 patients, 91.7% were FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) stages IA2 and IB1. Seven patients (58.3%) had squamous cell carcinoma. The median tumor size was 1.87 cm (range, focal to 4.6 cm) and two patients (16.7%) had a tumor lager than 2 cm. Lymphovascular space invasion in the tumor lesion was reported in six patients (50%). The following surgical complications were observed: neurogenic bladder (one patient), hemoperitoneum (one patient), and infection (one patient). A total of 33.3% had attempted to conceive, resulting in two pregnancies and two healthy babies. All pregnancies were achieved by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Each woman underwent cesarean delivery because of premature pre-labor rupture of membranes at gestational weeks 27.3 and 33.3. After a median follow-up time of 4.4 years (range, 1 to 8 years), there were no recurrences or deaths. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic radical trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy should be offered as an alternative treatment for women with early stage cervical cancer who want to preserve their fertility.

Surgical and obstetrical outcomes after laparoscopic radical trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for early cervical cancer

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical and obstetrical outcomes of patients with early cervical cancer who underwent laparoscopic radical trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. METHODS: We analyzed data from women who underwent laparoscopic radical trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy between July 2000 and October 2014. RESULTS: Of a total of 12 patients, 91.7% were FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) stages IA2 and IB1. Seven patients (58.3%) had squamous cell carcinoma. The median tumor size was 1.87 cm (range, focal to 4.6 cm) and two patients (16.7%) had a tumor lager than 2 cm. Lymphovascular space invasion in the tumor lesion was reported in six patients (50%). The following surgical complications were observed: neurogenic bladder (one patient), hemoperitoneum (one patient), and infection (one patient). A total of 33.3% had attempted to conceive, resulting in two pregnancies and two healthy babies. All pregnancies were achieved by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Each woman underwent cesarean delivery because of premature pre-labor rupture of membranes at gestational weeks 27.3 and 33.3. After a median follow-up time of 4.4 years (range, 1 to 8 years), there were no recurrences or deaths. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic radical trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy should be offered as an alternative treatment for women with early stage cervical cancer who want to preserve their fertility.

Clinical effect and influence on fertility outcomes of vaginal radical trachelectomy in young patients with early stage of cervical cancer / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Objective To explore clinical effect and effect on fertility outcomes of vaginal radical trachelectomy (VRT) in young patients with early stage of cervical cancer.Methods Sixty cases of young patients with early stage of cervical cancer treated with radical trachelectomy in our hospital between June 2005 and May 2014 were retrospectively analyzed and conducted follow-up visits.The patients were divided into two groups based on different operation methods:VRT group (n =32) and abdominal radical trachelectomy (ART) group (n =28).The clinical effects and fertility outcomes of the two groups were compared.Results The blood loss of VRT group was significantly lesser than that of ART group [(278.00 ± 97.00) ml vs.(496.00 ± 135.00) ml,t =7.247,P ＜ 0.05].The length of vaginal hysterectomy and the width of parametrial resection of VRT group were significantly shorter than those of ART group [(2.58 ± 0.33) cm vs.(3.01 ± 0.19) cm,t =6.277,P ＜ 0.05;(2.34 ±0.31)cm vs.(2.88 ±0.25)cm,t =7.357,P ＜0.05].During the follow-up visits,the recurrence rate of VRT group was significantly lower than that of ART group (3.1％ vs.25.0％,x2 =6.18,P ＜ 0.05).The recurrence of early cervical cancer was related to age (x2 =21.33,P ＜ 0.05),diameter of tumor (x2 =21.43,P ＜ 0.05),pathology (x2 =40.69,P ＜ 0.05) and operation methods (x2 =6.18,P ＜ 0.05).The pregnancy rate and fertility rate of VRT group were significantly higher than those of ART group (37.5％ vs.25.0％,x2 =15.33,P＜0.05;28.1％ vs.17.9％,x2 =10.32,P＜0.05).Conclusion VRT for young patients with early cervical cancer is safe and feasible.It's worthy of clinical promotion because it can reduce operation damage and recurrence rate,and can efficiently preserve the fertility of patients.

Preservación de la fertilidad en estadios iniciales de cáncer de cuello uterino

La incidencia de cáncer cervical ha aumentado en mujeres jóvenes, en quienes se requiere prestar atención a la preservación de la fertilidad. Se presenta dos casos de pacientes con cáncer temprano de cuello uterino, en estadios iniciales IA2 e IB1 sin metástasis en ganglios pélvicos, y se analiza nuestra experiencia en la aplicación de la técnica quirúrgica de traquelectomía radical abdominal, de manera de preservar la fertilidad.

The incidence of cervical cancer has increased in young women in whom it is important to preserve fertility. Two cases of patients with early cervical cancer stages IA2 e IB1 and no pelvic lymph nodes metastasis are presented, and experience with abdominal radical trachelectomy in order to preserve fertility is analized.

Successful pregnancy by direct intraperitoneal insemination in an infertile patient with failure of recanalization of isthmic stenosis after laparoscopic radical trachelectomy

Radical trachelectomy is a promising fertility-sparing treatment for patients with early stage cervical cancer who want to preserve their fertility. However, isthmic stenosis occurs frequently in patients who received radical trachelectomy and it is one of the causes of infertility following radical trachelectomy. Moreover, despite the treatment for recanalization of isthmic stenosis, recanalization can fail or isthmic stenosis can recur. Herein we report a successful pregnancy and birth by direct intraperitoneal insemination in an infertile woman with failure of recanalization of isthmic stenosis after laparoscopic radical trachelectomy.

Reproductive outcomes after laparoscopic radical trachelectomy for early-stage cervical cancer / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to estimate the reproductive outcome of young women with early-stage cervical cancer who underwent fertility-sparing laparoscopic radical trachelectomy (LRT). METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of patients with early-stage cervical cancer who underwent LRT. Clinicopathological data were obtained from patient medical records, and reproductive outcome data were obtained from patient medical records and telephone interviews. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients who underwent successful LRT were included in this study. The median age of patients was 32 years (range, 22 to 40 years), and the median follow-up time after LRT was 37 months (range, 3 to 105 months). Menstruation resumed in all patients after LRT, with fifty patients (90.9%) and five patients (9.1%) reporting regular and irregular menstruation, respectively. Six patients (10.9%) presented with cervical stenosis, which was manifested by regular but decreased menstrual flow and newly-developed dysmenorrhea. These patients underwent cervical cannulation and dilatation. Eighteen patients (32.7%) attempted to conceive, with six out of 18 patients receiving fertility treatments. Fourteen pregnancies (i.e., four missed abortions, six preterm births and four full-term births) occurred in 10 patients after LRT. Nine out of 10 patients gave birth to 10 healthy babies. The pregnancy rate after LRT was 55.6% (10/18). The spontaneous abortion rate and live birth rate were 28.6% (4/14) and 71.4% (10/14), respectively. The preterm birth rate was 60% (6/10). CONCLUSION: Pregnancy and live birth rates after LRT were promising; however, the preterm birth rate was relatively high. Cervical stenosis also occurred in a small percentage of patients.

¿Preservación de la fertilidad en cáncer de cérvix?: es possible

El cáncer de cérvix es la causa más común de muerte por cáncer ginecológico en el mundo. Debido al incremento del diagnóstico de esta enfermedad en estadios tempranos en mujeres en edad fértil, hacemos énfasis en los nuevos conceptos de preservación de la fertilidad y tratamiento quirúrgico mínimamente invasivo. El cono frío de cérvix con o sin linfadenectomía pélvica representa un esquema de tratamiento adecuado para el manejo de cáncer de cérvix en estadio IA1-2 en pacientes que desean conservar su fertilidad. Sin embargo, su potencial curativo no ha sido explorado extensamente en lo que concierne a la enfermedad en estadios IB1. En el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN), desde hace cinco años se ha iniciado el manejo individualizado de estas pacientes por la mayor demanda de pacientes jóvenes, quienes desean preservar la fertilidad, con el consentimiento informado de las pacientes y con resultados óptimos hasta la actualidad. Se presenta cuatro casos de cáncer de cérvix en estadios IA2 y IB1 con factores patológicos de riesgo bajo, en quienes se planteó cirugía conservadora para la preservación de la fertilidad. Se les realizó cono frío del cérvix y linfadenectomía pélvica bilateral laparoscópica. Los resultados demostraron que la cirugía conservadora en estadios tempranos de cáncer de cérvix de riesgo bajo es factible en mujeres jóvenes, logrando preservar su fertilidad, con las mismas tasas de curación que la cirugía radical.

Cervical cancer is the most frequent cause of death by gynecologic cancer in the world. Due to increased diagnosis of early stage disease in childbearing age women new concepts in fertility preservation and minimally invasive surgical treatment are emphasized. Cervical cold conization with or without pelvic lymphadenectomy is appropriate treatment for stage IA1-2 cervical cancer in patients who desire fertility. However curative potential has not been extensively explored concerning to IB1 stage disease. In the past five years individualized treatment of these patients has been started at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplasicas (INEN) due to increased demand of young patients who wish to preserve fertility, with informed consent of patients and good current results. Four cases of stages IA2 y IB1 cervical cancer with low-risk pathology factors with conservative surgery for fertility preservation are presented. Cervical cold conization and bilateral laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed. Results demonstrated that conservative surgery in low risk early stages cervical cancer is feasible in young women, with fertility preservation and same cure rates as radical surgery.

Traquelectomía radical vaginal con linfadenectomía pélvica laparoscópica en el manejo conservador del cáncer de cérvix: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Radical vaginal trachelectomy with pelvic laparoscopic lymphadenectomy in conservative management of cervical cancer: a report of two cases and literature review

Objetivo: presentar dos casos de pacientes con cáncer de cérvix estadios IA2, con deseos de paridad, que fueron sometidas a traquelectomía radical vaginal como cirugía conservadora de la fertilidad, y realizar una revisión de la literatura científica disponible acerca de las complicaciones, tasas de recurrencia, calidad de vida y fertilidad posterior.Materiales y métodos: se presentan dos casos de pacientes con cáncer de cérvix estadios IA2 con deseo de fertilidad futura, que fueron sometidas a traquelectomía radical vaginal con linfadenectomía pélvica laparoscópica, en el Hospital San José, institución privada de referencia ubicada en Bogotá, Colombia, en el año 2011. La búsqueda de la literatura se hizo a través de Medline en idioma inglés y español. Se buscaron reportes y series de casos, ensayos clínicos controlados y revisiones de tema en el periodo comprendido entre 1980 al 2011.Conclusión: la traquelectomía radical vaginal y la linfadenectomía pélvica laparoscópica son una alternativa que se debe considerar para el manejo conservador de la fertilidad en pacientes con estadios tempranos de cáncer invasivo de cérvix.

Objective: Presenting two cases of patients suffering from stage IA2 cervical cancer who were wishing to preserve future fertility were submitted to radical vaginal trachelectomy as fertlity- sapring surgery. A review of the available scientific literature about the complications, recurrence rates, quality of life and later fertility was also made. Materials and methods: Two cases of patients suffering stage IA2 cervical cancer wishing for future fertility are presented; they were submitted to radical vaginal trachelectomy with pelvic laparoscopic lymphadenectomy at the San José hospital (a private reference institution) in Bogotá, Colombia, during 2011. A literature search was made via Medline in both English and Spanish. Case reports, series of cases, controlled clinical assays and reviews of the topic from 1980 to 2011 were sought. Conclusion: Radical vaginal trachelectomy and pelvic laparoscopic lymphadenectomy represents an alternative for the conservative management of fertility in patients suffering early stages of invasive cervical cancer.

Experience of laparoscopic-assisted radical vaginal trachelectomy for 2 patients with cervical cancer stage I / 대한산부인과내시경학회지

Because of the organized screening programs, incidence and mortality of cervical cancer has been decreased and cervical cancer is diagnosed in relatively young age women and early stages. Traditional treatments for early cervical cancer are radical hysterectomy or chemoradiation, which irreversibly destroy reproductive capacity. Radical vaginal trachelectomy could be an alternative option for young women with early cervical cancer wishing to preserve fertility. Here, we report 2 cases of our initial experiences with Laparoscopy-Assisted Radical Vaginal Trachelectomy (LARVT) for patients with cervical cancer stage I. Two cases of 29 and 31-year-old nulliparous women were diagnosed with cervical cancer IA1-IA2. They underwent LARVT with permanent cervicoisthmic cerclage with 3 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy. LARVT can be the procedure of choice for women with early stage cervical cancer who desire a fertility preservation.

Complicaciones obstétricas tras una traquelectomía radical: caso clinico y revisión de la literatura / Obstetric complications after a radical trachelectomy: case report and review of literature

Introducción: la traquelectomía radical (TR) es una técnica quirúrgica utilizada en estadios precoces del cáncer de cérvix en aquellas mujeres que desean conservar la capacidad reproductiva. Los embarazos posteriores a esta técnica quirúrgica pueden desencadenar complicaciones obstétricas. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo hacer una revisión de la literatura en relación al pronóstico obstétrico de estas pacientes. Metodología: en este estudio se presenta un caso clínico. Posteriormente, se realiza una búsqueda en las bases de datos MEDLInE, vía PubMed, y Cochrane con las palabras clave “cáncer de cérvix”, “traquelectomía radical”, “embarazo” y “complicaciones obstétricas”. Resultados: se evaluó un total de 17 artículos que comprendieron revisiones, artículos de opinión y casos clínicos. Conclusión: la preservación de la fertilidad en estadios precoces del cáncer de cérvix mediante la traquelectomía radical está adquiriendo cada vez mayor aceptación a medida que se publican más casos en la literatura. Los resultados obstétricos parecen ser cada vez más favorables aunque son más numerosas las complicaciones en comparación con la población general.

Introduction: radical trachelectomy (TR) is a surgical technique which is used in the early stages of cervical cancer in females wishing to conserve their reproductive ability. Pregnancies following this surgical technique having been applied could trigger obstetric complications. This article was thus aimed at reviewing the literature related to these patients’ obstetric prognosis. Methodology: a clinical case is presented. A literature search was made in MEDLInE databases, via PubMed and Cochrane, using the following key words: “cervical cancer”, “radical trachelectomy”, “pregnancy”, “obstetric complications”. Results: 17 articles were evaluated, covering review articles, articles expressing opinion and clinical cases. Conclusion: preserving fertility in early stages of cervical cancer by radical trachelectomy is increasingly acquiring more acceptance as more cases are published in the literature. Obstetric results seem to be becoming more favorable even though complications are becoming more numerous compared to incidence in the general population.

A case of robotic laparoscopic radical trachelectomy / 대한산부인과학회지

To present a case of successful robotic assisted radical trachelectomy. A nulliparous woman with early cervical cancer underwent a laparoscopic radical trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy with the da Vinci robot (Intuitive Surgical Inc., Sunnyvale, CA). After the pelvic lymph nodes were found negative on frozen section, the parametria, paracolpia and uterosacral ligaments were dissected transabdominally sparing the ascending branches of the uterine arteries. Cervical transection and vaginal closure were performed transvaginally. Surgical time was 450 min. No perioperative complications were noted. Robotic laparoscopic radical trachelectomy may bridge the gap between laparotomy and laparoscopy for radical trachelectomy.